Biologisches Zentralblatt 97, 405-18. The magnitude of differences in genetic diversity across a latitudinal gradient would additionally not be as large as seen in the species richness gradient. Keywords Biodiversity, biotic interactions, diversification, evolutionary speed, extinction, geo-graphical isolation, latitudinal diversity gradient, speciation, tropics. Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the ... This latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) was first recognized by Alexander von Humboldt over two centuries ago. 117 scale diversity patterns in ants. Evolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient in the ... 6. A latitudinal phylogeographic diversity gradient in birds Variation in forest soil fungal diversity along a ... The phylogeographic diversity gradient in New Word birds is robust to several types of bias. Whether this is hyperbolic or not, this gradient is the first-order macroecological pattern that needs to . Recently, the analysis of global data has led to advances in understanding, but these advances have … black arrow. The latitudinal diversity gradient describes the phenomenon in which the diversity of species inhabiting biomes is higher near the equator and lower near the poles. Most studies of the latitudinal gradient comprise only one or few organism types and are often restricted to certain region or habitat types. Theories Regarding The Latitudinal Diversity Gradient ... ANTARCT. 1998). latitudinal gradient of species richness in terms of variation in functional diversity at the alpha, beta, and gamma scales. The LDG has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. The species-area relationship (SAR), describing the increase in species richness with increasing area, and the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), describing the decrease in species richness with increasing latitude, are the oldest and most robust patterns in biogeography, yet connections between them remain poorly understood. 2003. Lighter shades of red indicate colder yearly minimum temperatures. Conserved ancestral tropical niche but different ... (2003) found that nearly 71% of 135 analyses that had tested latitudinal diversity gradients showed that diversity was higher in the tropics. The latitudinal gradient of species richness has frequently been attributed to higher diversification rates of tropical groups. The latitudinal diversity gradient-the tendency for more species to occur toward the equator-is the dominant pattern of life on Earth, yet the mechanisms responsible for it remain largely unexplained. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. In addition, geo- graphical regions where slope changes occur would be of particular interest. M. vaginatus (A) mapped to the left of the graph and was hence typical of low temperatures and higher precipitation. Read on to learn more about existing hypotheses that attempt to explain why this gradient exists, and how scientists may benefit from considering more than one hypothesis at a… latitudinal gradient in beta diversity cannot be achieved until many groups of organisms have been examined, our study adds to the literature and offers an opportunity for comparing the latitudinal gradient in beta diversity between plants (Qian & Ricklefs, 2007) and animals. Journal of Mammalogy 76, 322-334. PDF On Latitudinal Gradients in Avian Diversity Although many studies have previously examined the latitudinal gradient of diversity in the marine realm 11,12,14,15,16, our study is the first to explore the contiguity of species latitudinal . PubMed Google Scholar Ho SYW, Phillips MJ, Cooper A, Drummond AJ (2005). The latitudinal diversity gradient-the tendency for more species to occur toward the equator-is the dominant pattern of life on Earth, yet the mechanisms responsible for it remain largely unexplained. Here we investigate latitudinal gradients in species richness, body size, and range size in the world's turtles (Testudines), and add more evidence that these rules do not seem to apply across all taxa. Specific and generic diversity gradients in . 109 Pheidole as a model taxon to test hypotheses for the latitudinal diversity gradient. We compared ecological community theory with large-scale ob-servational data of tree species richness and functional di-versity. The latitudinal diversity gradient is the term used to describe the decrease in species richness as one moves away from the equator. Alpha diversity was highly variable, and showed no clear relationship to environmental variables. Reproduced from Kaufman, D.M., 1995. LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS IN ORGANIC DIVERSITY 53 SOUTHERN LATITUDE Fig. Two of the The fact that it is so obvious and so general - the overabundance of species in the tropics was recognized long before there were even ecologists around to describe it - strongly suggests that the explanation should be a simple one; yet distinguishing between alternative simple explanations has proven, well . Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on October 1, 2010 Quaternary origin of the inverse latitudinal diversity gradient among southern Chilean mollusks Steffen Kiel* and Sven N. Nielsen Institut für Geowissenschaften, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Ludewig-Meyn-Strasse 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany ABSTRACT Tables DR1 and DR2 in the GSA Data Reposi- Mollusks along the Pacific coast of South . In the top graph, the yaxis shows the amount of phylogeographic structure (square root converted), and . The fact that many of the species-rich tropical marine environments are high in temperature but relatively low in productivity sug Title: The latitudinal gradient in species diversity 1 The latitudinal gradient in species diversity. The latitudinal diversity gradient Key concepts • The latitudinal diversity gradient • Mid-domain e↵ect • Niche conservatism and niche evolution • Biotic theories . latitudinal gradient in forest diversity Jacob Usinowicz 1, chia-Hao chang-Yang 2, Yu-Yun chen 2, James S. clark 3, christine Fletcher 4, Nancy c. Garwood 5, Zhanqing 6Hao , Jill Johnstone 7, Yiching 9Lin 8, Margaret r. Metz , takashi Masaki 10, tohru Nakashizuka 11,12, I-Fang Sun 2, renato 13Valencia , Yunyun Wang 6, Jess K. Zimmerman 14 . While over 110 a hundred hypotheses have been proposed to explain the gradient (Willig et al., 2003; 111 Mittelbach et al., 2007; Fine, 2015), these can roughly be sorted under three umbrella 112 hypotheses which we use to frame our study: i) the Diversification Rate hypothesis (DRH), ii) Google Scholar — 1992: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity: the search for the primary cause. Another major problem with Rapoport's rule con-cerns the relationships between the latitudinal diversity gradient, latitudinal trends in potential range extents, and observed patterns (Kolasa et al. The decline of species richness from the tropics to the poles, known as latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), has been observed in organisms ranging from bacteria to mammals but ecologists have yet to reach a consensus on the mechanisms behind this phenomenon (Pianka 1966, Rohde 1992, Rosenzweig 1995, Willig et al. of the latitudinal gradient represents a major challenge to future research. 1993). We examined the applicability of three versions of the energy hypothesis, the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis, and historical contingency to the gradient of terrestrial birds. The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most widely studied patterns in ecology, yet no consensus has been reached about its underlying causes. The latitudinal diversity gradient is the largest scale, and longest known, pattern in ecology. 2 The latitudinal gradient. 120 While over a hundred hypotheses have been proposed to explain the gradient (Willig et al., Many studies have documented a latitudinal gradient in diversity of marine organisms, including both fish and invertebrates, benthic and planktonic forms (e.g., 15-18). The productivity version of the energy hypothesis, tested using actual . Using a spatially explicit approach that incorporates not only origination and extinction but immigration, a global analysis of genera and subgenera of marine bivalves over the past 11 million years supports an "out of the tropics" model, in which taxa preferentially . Origination and Immigration Drive Latitudinal Gradients in Marine Functional Diversity Sarah K. Berke1,2*, David Jablonski2, Andrew Z. Krug2,3, James W. Valentine4 1Dept of Biology, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, United States of America, 2Dept of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United LATITUDE Fig. Latitudinal gradients in species diversity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The pattern The increase in species richness or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to the tropics, often referred to as the latitudinal gradient in species diversity, is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. II. A parallel trend has been found with elevation (elevational diversity . However, misleading results may be obtained if the study area is limited and provides only partial coverage of species ranges [ 26 ]. A meta-analysis by Hillebrand (2004) surveyed more than 600 latitudinal diversity gradient studies and found a small number of exceptions (4.3%) to the general negative relationship. For a simple two-box model, with the tropics and extratropics de-noted as subscripts, diversity in the tropics ( D T) is determined by O T - E T þ I T, and diversity in theextratropics( D E)byO E - E E þ I E (Fig. Recently, the analysis of global data has led to advances in understanding, but these advances have … Stevens (1989) named the rule after Eduardo H. Rapoport, who had earlier provided evidence for the phenomenon for subspecies of mammals (Rapoport 1975, 1982).Stevens used the rule to "explain" greater species diversity in the tropics in the sense that latitudinal gradients in species diversity and the rule have identical exceptional data and so must have the same underlying cause. Latitudinal diversity gradient, peaking in the tropics and declining near the poles, forms the most remarkable large-scale biotic pattern common for both marine and terrestrial systems. Answer to Solved discuss latitudinal gradients and mechanistic. Black and white objects correspond to the number of species in graph (a). Introducing the LDG. Diversity gradient of coral genera along great Barrier Reef of Australia, afler Wells (1956). Latitudinal gradients of biodiversity are biogeographic patterns that quantify the ways in which taxonomic, phylogenetic, functional, genetic, or phenetic biodiversity change with latitudinal position on the surface of the earth (Fig. For a simple two-box model, with the tropics and extratropics de-noted as subscripts, diversity in the tropics ( D T) is determined by O T - E T þ I T, and diversity in theextratropics( D E)byO E - E E þ I E (Fig. Fig. [1] Discovered by Alexander von Humboldt in 1799, it has remained one of the key questions in Evolutionary Ecology. Incumbency, diversity, and latitudinal gradients - Volume 34 Issue 2. This study highlights the changes in fungal diversity along a latitudinal gradient, running from boreal forest systems, through temperate zones and into tropical rainforests. There was no convincing evidence of a latitudinal cline in alpha, beta or gamma diversity within a 15° latitudinal gradient along the Norwegian coast. form of the alpha- and gamma-diversity gradients might permit inferences as to the relative contributions of the various latitudinal gradient hypotheses (reviewed by Pianka 1966; MacArthur 1972). Fig 3. To test for significant variation in the gradient between organisms, habitats, or regions, a meta-analysis was conducted on nearly 600 latitudinal gradients assembled from the literature. in diversity and that may enhance latitudinal gradients secondarily, but on the primary cause(s) of the lat-itudinal gradients, if such causes do indeed exist. We found that the patterns of functional trait diversity On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient. The LDG is one of the most widely recognized patterns in ecology. Answer :- For a wide variety of terrestrial and marine creatures, species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics, a phenomenon known as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Rohde, K. 1978: Latitudinal gradients in species diversity and their causes. The LDG has been observed to varying degrees in Earth's past. 5. The latitudinal diversity gradient, with maximum taxonomic richness in the tropics, is widely accepted as being pervasive on land, but the existence of this pattern in the sea has been surprisingly controversial. along a latitudinal gradient spanning more than 100° (12, 13), and the second is a similar set of eight locations spanning a 2250-m elevational gradientinCarchi,Ecuador( 14,15).We define a diversity as the species richness of a single .01-ha subplot, g diversity as the total richness of the 10 subplots (totaling 0.1 ha) at a location, and b Latitudinal Heat Balance, Temperature Measurement, Thermometers & Shelter and Exposure, Temperature Scales, Temperature Scale Conversion, Temperature Controls 9/27/18.

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